We investigated the ability of human recombinant interleukin-7 (IL-7) to enhance the immune responses of mice vaccinated with either the alum-associated or liposome-formulated recombinant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-envelope protein, env-2–3 SF2 (a nonglycosylated denatured gp 120 of HIV-1 SF2 produced in genetically engineered yeast). Pathogen-free (C3H) mice were vaccinated on days 0, 14, and 28 with 10 μg of either the alum-associated env-2–3SF2 or liposome-formulated env-2–3 SF2, both containing a lipophylic muramyl tripeptide, MTP-PE. Liposome-formulated IL-7 (5 μg/mouse) or empty liposomes were given on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Antibody response against the immunized antigen, evaluated on day 21 and day 35 or 42, showed that liposome-formulated antigen induced higher antibody titer than did alum-associated antigen, and these antibody responses can be enhanced by concurrent administration of IL-7 liposomes. Spleen cells were harvested on day 21 and day 35 or 42 to evaluate cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses directed against autologous cells infected with vaccinia virus-expressing HIV-envelope protein. Mice treated with liposome-formulated antigen expressed the highest cytotoxic t-lymphocyte (CTL) activity, regardless of whether IL-7 liposome was given as an immune potentiator. In contrast, spleen cells from mice vaccinated with alum-associated antigen exhibited minimal CTL response, which was enhanced by concurrent IL-7 liposome treatment. Collectively, IL-7 liposome treatment enhanced the antibody production of the alum-associated or liposome-formulated env-2–3 SF2, whereas its enhancement of CTL activity was detected only in mice vaccinated with alum-associated antigen.